Hakutsuru
Pomenovanie kata :
Hakutsuru.
Uvedené japonské znaky názvu tejto kata sa prekladajú ako "Biely žeriav".
História :
Autor tejto kata je neznámy. Historici predpokladajú, že táto kata pochádza z južnej Fukienskej
shaolinskej školy Hakutsuru Ken (štýlu Bai He Chuan), odkiaľ bola prenesená do okinavského Tode.
Pôvod kata Hakutsuru treba hľadať v Číne. Kata prišla na Okinavu pravdepodobne už v roku 1392, kedy
pricestovalo z Číny na Okinavu 36 rodín. Neskôr mohla byť na Okinavu prenesená majstrom Shuri te menom Sokon Matsumura
(1792-1896) ako aj majstrom štýlu Bieleho žeriava, Wu Xian Hui (1886-1940), známeho pod menom Gokenki. Preto túto kata môžeme
nájsť ako v Shorin ryu tak aj v Shorei ryu.
Kata Hakutsuru sa pokladá za naj tajomnejšiu a naj dôležitejšiu kata v okinavskom Karate. Až do 19. storočia
bola táto kata držaná v tajnosti a bola predávaná len na niektorých vybraných žiakov. Preto hádam nikoho neprekvapí, že
medzičasom vzniklo viacero verzií tejto kata, pričom sa za kata Hakutsuru označujú aj kata inak nazývané Hakkaku a Hakufa (Haufa). Napriek
tomu sa obe tieto kata od Hakutsuru odlišujú a majú so starou kata Hakutsuru len technickú podobnosť. Každopádne je
zaujímavé, že pôvod všetkých troch kata sa udáva v Číne, no ich názov je čisto japonský. Prečo sa nedochoval aspoň u jednej z
týchto kata pôvodný čínsky názov tak ako u väčšiny kata prenesených z Číny na Okinavu ?
Názov kata Hakutsuru sa v japonskom jazyku prekladá ako "Biely žeriav". No v japonskom jazyku sa názov
"Biely žeriav" môže preložiť aj slovami Haku a Kaku, čiže ako "Hakkaku". V čínskom jazyku sa názov "Biely žeriav" prekladá
ako "Bai He" a v okinavskom jazyku sa tento názov vyslovuje ako "Pai Ho". Hádam už nikoho neprekvapí, že v Ryuei ryu sa cvičí
krátka kata nazývaná Paiho.
Verzie :
Hakutsuru no Kumemura : Kumemura bolo od roku 1372 okinavské sídlisko čínskych vyslancov. Táto
verzia je asi najdlhšie známou verziou kata Hakutsuru. Obsahuje veľké množstvo techník, ktoré môžeme nájsť v iných kata ako
napr. Chinto, Nipaipo alebo Passai.
Matsumura no Hakutsuru : Verzia majstra Sokon Matsumura (1792-1896) cvičená dnes v ortodoxnom
Matsumura Seito ryu. Kata Hakutsuru si osvojil majster Matsumura počas svojich pobytov v Číne. Napriek tomu, že dnes už
zosnulý pokračovateľ tohto štýlu Hohan Soken (1891-1980) sa naučil túto verziu od svojho strýka Nabe, nemožno prehliadnuť
skutočnosť, že istý čas strávil aj s majstrom Gokenki (1886-1940) a zakladateľom štýlu Shito ryu, majstrom Kenwa Mabuni
(1889-1952). Kata Matsumura no Hakutsuru sa cvičí pravdepodobne ešte v niekoľkých verziách ako So, Tan, Sho, Chu a Dai.
majster Shinpo Matayoshi (1921-1997)
Kingai no Hakutsuru : Štýl Kingai ryu založil majster Shinko Matayoshi (1888-1947) a je zameraný
predovšetkým na štýle Žeriava. Je veľmi pravdepodobné, že si tento štýl osvojil počas svojich pobytov v Číne. Jeho syn, Shinpo Matayoshi (1921-1997) začal ako 17 ročný študovať u majstra Gokenki (1886-1940), kde si v roku 1938 osvojil kata Hakucho a Hakutsuru. Kata Hakutsuru predal na niektorých svojich študentov s poznámkou : "Žeriav je pre vaše zdravie a nie na zabíjanie ako okinavské Karate". Táto verzia by mala byť údajne podobná na Kumemura verziu.
Hakutsuru no mai : Táto pomerne nová verzia bola vytvorená majstrom Seikichi Toguchi (1917-1998)
(Shoreikan Goju ryu) a názov sa dá preložiť ako "Tanec bieleho žeriava". Do Goju ryu sa dostala kata Hakutsuru
prostredníctvom zakladateľa Goju ryu menom Chojun Miyagi (1888-1953), ktorý sa ju naučil od majstra Gokenki (1886-1940). Táto
verzia je cvičená pri melódii nástroja nazývaného shakuhachi alebo japonskej bambusovej píšťaly.
Koluje príbeh o vzniku verzie kata Hakutsuru no mai. Tento príbeh hovorí, že zakladateľ Goju ryu majster Miyagi videl
túto kata vykonávanú ako tanec vo svojom sne. Tento sen opísal svojmu žiakovi, majstrovi Toguchi, ktorého manželka sa
venovala okinavským tancom. Tá napokon pomohla vzniku tejto kata.
Hakutsuru Sho: Verzia označovaná ako Fukien Hakutsuru Sho sa vyučuje v štýle Koryu Uchinadi, ktorý vedie Hanshi Patrick McCarthy (*1954).
hudobný nástroj Shakuhachi vyrábaný tradične z bambusu
Kata Hakutsuru v Matsumura ryu :
Nositeľom tradície školy Matsumura bol ešte v minulom storočí majster Hohan Soken (1889-1982). Svoj
tréning začal u svojho strýka menom Nabe, vo veku 13 rokov. Po desiatich rokoch tréningu ho začal strýko Nabe zasväcovať do
techník zo štýlu Bieleho žeriava a začal ho učiť najviac utajovanú kata v Matsumura ryu - Hakutsuru (nejednalo sa o kata Hakucho). Jednalo sa o vtedy tajné techniky a o tréning metodicky spojený s
rodinou Matsumura. Úvod do štúdia týchto techník predstavoval tréning rovnováhy. Táto kata bola však pri rozvoji rovnováhy
najnebezpečnejšia. Spočiatku sa naučil túto kata vykonávať na zemi, neskôr na klade ležiacej na zemi a nakoniec na kláde
uviazanej a vhodenej do rieky. Tento tréning bol najťažší a prinášal so sebou množstvo pádov.
Techniky zo štýlu Bieleho žeriava (Hakutsuru Ken) tvoria podstatnú časť Matsumura ryu. Predstavujú čínsky
koncept jemnej (obrannej) pästi a tréning rovnováhy, pričom techniky napodobňujú pohyby žeriava. Tento koncept môžeme nájsť
vo všetkých kata školy Matsumura.
Technická charakteristika :
Techniky v tejto kata sú vykonávané s ťažko opísateľnou eleganciou, pričom veľa pohybov napodobňujú pohyby
krídiel žeriava. Týmito pohybmi sa blokuje, pričom útoky sú vedené väčšinou otvorenou rukou na vitálne body súpera. Kata
obsahuje aj nízke kopy alebo kopy do podbrušku nasledované kopmi na kĺby. Techniky nie sú vykonávané tak mechanicky a
priamočiaro ako je to v dnešných kata. Charakteristickou technikou tejto kata ja postoj na jednej nohe pričom ruky sú
rozpažené a napodobňujú krídla žeriava. Matsumurova verzia kata Hakutsuru údajne vykazuje podobnosť s kata Naihanchin a Kushanku.
Verzia majstra Matayoshiho zasa obsahuje techniky z inej kata zo štýlu Bieleho žeriava - Paiho.
Je nepochybné, že hlavným šíriteľom kata Hakutsuru na Okinave bol majster Gokenki (1886-1940). Od neho sa
túto kata naučilo veľké množstvo majstrov Tode alebo Kobudo. Na Okinave vyučoval majster Gokenki čínske Kempo približne od
roku 1912 až do svojej smrti v roku 1940. Po celý tento čas vyučoval okrem kata Hakutsuru aj iné kata, ktoré sa priraďujú do
štýlu Žeriava, v organizácii známej ako Kenkyu Kai. Udáva sa, že deň za dňom vykonával túto kata vždy s odchýlkami. To
znamená, že túto kata vyučoval ako voľnú formu. Sled techník a princípov vykonával spontánne a dôraz kládol pravdepodobne na
dýchanie a tok energie. Podobným spôsobom sa cvičila i kata Sanchin, u ktorej
je dnes známych veľké množstvo verzií. Toto by vysvetľovalo aj skutočnosť, že veľa ľudí študovalo u majstra Gokenki, ale ich
kata vykazujú navzájom odchýlky.
V súčasnosti sa kata Hakutsuru oficiálne cvičí v Shito ryu alebo Matsumura Seito ryu. Ako neoficiálnu kata
ju nájdeme v Goju ryu. Na kata Hakutsuru sa údajne veľmi podobá Chito ryu verzia kata Niseishi.
Použitá literatúra :
www.goju-ryu.info
www.goju-ryu.info/kata/hakutsuru/Digest/DIGEST20.TXT
http://home1.gte.net/neilsaaa/kobudo_history.htm
http://kempo.4mg.com/articles/blind.htm
www.kunosuki.de
www.chitoryu.ca/cottreau/kata.html#Niseishi
http://www.dojo.cc
www.summitmartialarts.com/history/HohanSoken.htm
www.karate.org.yu/articles/letter_4.htm
www.bguiled.com/martialarts.html
http://home.drenik.net/joemilos/soken_interview.htm
http://home.drenik.net/joemilos/soken_interview2.htm
http://goju.batcave.net
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